Sexually transmitted diseases are preventable ailments that can cause harmful and costly complications, including reproductive health problems, fetal and perinatal health problems, and cancer.

Black or African American residents have consistently had the highest rate of chlamydia infection in Monroe County, with 247 infections per 10,000 African American residents in 2019. This rate is more than twice what it was in 2001. In the City of Rochester, the rate was higher at 287 per 10,000 residents - over two times the level in 2001. Among other ethnic groups, Hispanic or Latino rates were 120 in the County and 168 in the City, and white rates were 26 per 10,000 in the County and 49 per 10,000 in the City.

Racial disparities in chlamydia infection are the result of several factors including poverty, education level, language status, health coverage, health care quality and employment. When access to health care is limited, preventive health screenings may not take place. Mistrust of the health care system may delay Blacks and Hispanics from connecting with the health system for testing and treatment for conditions including sexually transmitted diseases. Living in a community with a high incidence of sexually transmitted disease, having a high number of sexual partners and lack of condom use can all increase the likelihood of infection. Stress caused by racism can weaken the immune system increasing the susceptibility to a STD. A distorted self-image that results from internalized racism can also contribute to involvement with risky sexual behaviors and/or delay in health care. These disparities are further complicated when race intersects with homophobia, transphobia and xenophobia.

Not all sexually transmitted disease cases are reported. Variations in screening procedures and community awareness can have an impact on recorded trends. Data for Hispanics not available before 2004.