Sexually transmitted diseases are preventable ailments that can cause harmful and costly complications, including reproductive health problems, fetal and perinatal health problems, and cancer.

In 2019, gonorrhea rates were highest among Monroe County's black or African American residents, with 113 cases for every 10,000 residents. This was down 33% since 2000 similar to the decline in the City of Rochester of 141 per 10,000. Hispanic residents in 2019 were 42 in Monroe County and 63 in the City of Rochester. White residents in Monroe County have consistently had the lowest rate for gonorrhea, at 9 per 10,000 in 2019, an increase of 111% from 2000. The City of Rochester (25 cases per 10,000 residents) has had an increase (66%) in that same time period for white residents.

Racial disparities in gonorrhea infection are the result of several factors including poverty, education level, language status, health coverage, health care quality and employment. When access to health care is limited, preventive health screenings may not take place. Mistrust of the health care system may delay Blacks and Hispanics from connecting with the health system for testing and treatment for conditions including sexually transmitted diseases. Living in a community with a high incidence of sexually transmitted disease, having a high number of sexual partners and lack of condom use can all increase the likelihood of infection. Stress caused by racism can weaken the immune system increasing the susceptibility to a STD. A distorted self-image that results from internalized racism can also contribute to involvement with risky sexual behaviors and/or delay in health care. These disparities are further complicated when race intersects with homophobia, transphobia and xenophobia.

Not all sexually transmitted disease cases are reported. Variations in screening procedures and community awareness can have an impact on recorded trends. Data for Hispanics not available before 2004.